Etude comparée de la régulation par le calcium de l'adressage de l'aquaporine-3 et- de l'aquaporine-2 dans les cellules épithéliales.

Les aquaporines (AQPs) sont de petites protéines membranaires permettant le passage facilité de l eau, du glycérol et de certains solutés à travers les membranes biologiques. Elles jouent d importants rôles de transport transmembranaires ou transcellulaires dans diverses cellules telles que les cellules rénales, mais aussi dans les kératinocytes de l'épiderme. L épiderme est un épithélium pluristratifié en constant renouvellement. Le calcium extracellulaire joue un rôle important dans le mécanisme de différenciation des kératinocytes.Dans ce travail, nous avons montré que la différenciation induite par le calcium de kératinocytes humains s'accompagne de l adressage de l aquaporine-3 (AQP3) du réticulum endoplasmique, vers les membranes plasmiques. Pour étudier la cinétique et les bases moléculaires de cette régulation, notre objectif était de produire des clones stables d'une lignée de kératinocytes humains en culture (HaCat) exprimant une AQP3 fluorescente. Malgré plusieurs tentatives, je n'ai pas pu obtenir ces clones stables. J'ai alors choisi un autre modèle de cellules épithéliales en culture; les cellules MDCK. Nous avons produit deux lignées stables de MDCK exprimant des aquaporines fluorescentes: l'AQP3-GFP et l'AQP2-mCherry. De manière intéressante, dans les cellules MDCK, l'AQP3 -GFP reproduit la régulation de son adressage par le calcium observée dans les kératinocytes humains; dans des cellules MDCK cultivées en présence de 0,15mM de Ca2+, l AQP3-GFP est localisée dans le réticulum endoplasmique, tandis qu à 1,5mM de Ca2+ extracellulaire, celle-ci est localisée aux membranes plasmiques. Dans les mêmes conditions, l'AQP2-mCherry conserve une localisation intracellulaire. Par des expériences de calcium switch , nous avons étudié la cinétique du trafic cellulaire de l'AQP3 et montré que l'adressage de l AQP3 à la membrane plasmique en réponse au calcium est lent (6h minimum) et semble dépendant non seulement de la différenciation cellulaire, mais aussi de l'établissement de la polarité cellulaire. A l aide d inhibiteurs de la PLC et de la PKC, nous avons montré l implication de cette voie de signalisation, qui dépend du calcium, dans le trafic de l AQP3. De plus, l'adressage membranaire de l'AQP3 est dépendant du cytosquelette d actine.En conclusion, nous montrons pour la première fois une régulation du trafic intracellulaire d'une aquaporine par le calcium au cours de la différenciation et de l'établissement de la polarité cellulaire de cellules épithéliales. Cette régulation permet probablement l'hydratation de l'épiderme humain, sans remettre en cause la barrière de perméabilité que constitue la peau.The aquaporins (AQPs) are small membrane proteins forming water channels and transporters for smal solutes like glycerol. The AQPs play important roles in transmembrane or transcellular transports in various cells, like kidney cells, but also in skin epidermis keratinocytes. The skin epidermis is a pluristratified epithelium, undergoing continuous renewal. Extracellular calcium plays an important role in the differentiation of keratinocytes.In this work, we demonstrate that during calcium-induced differentiation of human keratinocytes, aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum to plasma membranes. In order to study the kinetics and the molecular bases of this regulation, our goal was to produce stable clones of a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCat) expressing a fluorescent AQP3. Despite several trials, i was not able to obtain such clones. Thus i pursued with another epithelial cell line: MDCK cells. We have produced two lines of MDCK cells stably expressing fluorescent AQPs: AQP3-GFP and AQP2mCherry. Interestingly in MDCK cells, AQP3-GFP reproduced the regulated intracellular trafficking observed in human keratinocytes; in MDCK cells grown in a medium containing 0.15 mM Ca2+,, AQP3-GFP was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. After extracellular Ca2+ was raised to 1.5 mM, AQP3-GFP was seen in plasma membranes. In the same conditions, AQP2-mCherry remained intracellular throughtout the experiment. With calcium-switch experiments, when have then studied the kinetics of AQP3 trafficking. We have shown that targeting of AQP3 to plasma membranes is a slow process (at least 6h) and seems dependent not only of cell differentiation, but also on the establishment of cell polarity. Using inhibitors of PLC and PKC, we have shown the implication of this signalling pathway, which is dependent on calcium, in AQP3 trafficking. In addition we found that plasma membrane expression of AQP3 is dependent on actin cytoskeleton.In conclusion, we show for the first time a regulation of intracelluar trafficking of an aquaporin in calcium-induced differentiation and after establishment of epithelial cell polarity. This regulation likely allows human skin epidermis hydration whithout compromising the permeability barrier of skin.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Functional Expression of AQP3 in Human Skin Epidermis and Reconstructed Epidermis

The purpose of this study was to examine the presence of aquaporin water channels in human skin and to assess their functional role. On western blots of human epidermis obtained from plastic surgery, a strong signal was obtained with polyclonal anti-aquaporin-3 antibodies. By indirect immunofluorescence on 5 µm cryosections, anti-aquaporin-3 antibodies strongly stained keratinocyte plasma membranes in human epidermis, whereas no staining was observed in the dermis or the stratum corneum or when anti-aquaporin-3 antibodies were preabsorbed with the peptide used for immunization. Similarly, a strong signal with anti-aquaporin-3 antibodies was observed in keratinocyte plasma membranes of reconstructed human epidermis in culture at the air–liquid interface for up to 3 wk. The keratinocyte plasma membrane localization of aquaporin-3 was confirmed at the electron microscope level in prickle cells. In addition an intracellular localization of aquaporin-3 was also detected in epidermis basal cells. Osmotically induced transepidermal water permeability was measured on stripped human skin and on reconstructed epidermis. Water transport across both stripped human skin and 2–3 wk reconstructed epidermis was comparable, inhibited by > 50% by 1 mM HgCl2 and fully inhibited by acid pH. By stopped-flow light scattering, keratinocyte plasma membranes, where aquaporin-3 is localized, exhibited a high, pH-sensitive, water permeability. Although human skin is highly impermeable to water, this is primarily accounted for by the stratum corneum, where a steep water content gradient was demonstrated. In contrast, the water content of viable strata of the epidermis is remarkably constant. Our results suggest that the human epidermis, below the stratum corneum, exhibits a high, aquaporin-3-mediated, water permeability. We propose that the role of aquaporin-3 is to water-clamp viable layers of the epidermis in order to improve the hydration of the epidermis below the stratum corneum

Histamine treatment induces rearrangements of orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) in human AQP4-expressing gastric cells

To test the involvement of the water channel aquaporin (AQP)-4 in gastric acid physiology, the human gastric cell line (HGT)-1 was stably transfected with rat AQP4. AQP4 was immunolocalized to the basolateral membrane of transfected HGT-1 cells, like in native parietal cells. Expression of AQP4 in transfected cells increased the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) from 2.02 ± 0.3 × 10−4 to 16.37 ± 0.5 × 10−4 cm/s at 20°C. Freeze-fracture EM showed distinct orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs), the morphological signature of AQP4, on the plasma membrane of AQP4-expressing cells. Quantitative morphometry showed that the density of OAPs was 2.5 ± 0.3% under basal condition and decreased by 50% to 1.2 ± 0.3% after 20 min of histamine stimulation, mainly due to a significant decrease of the OAPs number. Concomitantly, Pf decreased by ∼35% in 20-min histamine-stimulated cells. Both Pf and OAPs density were not modified after 10 min of histamine exposure, time at which the maximal hormonal response is observed. Cell surface biotinylation experiments confirmed that AQP4 is internalized after 20 min of histamine exposure, which may account for the downregulation of water transport. This is the first evidence for short term rearrangement of OAPs in an established AQP4-expressing cell line

Environmental toxins trigger PD-like progression via increased alpha-synuclein release from enteric neurons in mice

Pathological studies on Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients suggest that PD pathology progresses from the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the olfactory bulb into the central nervous system. We have previously shown that environmental toxins acting locally on the ENS mimic this PD-like pathology progression pattern in mice. Here, we show for the first time that the resection of the autonomic nerves stops this progression. Moreover, our results show that an environmental toxin (i.e. rotenone) promotes the release of alpha-synuclein by enteric neurons and that released enteric alpha-synuclein is up-taken by presynaptic sympathetic neurites and retrogradely transported to the soma, where it accumulates. These results strongly suggest that pesticides can initiate the progression of PD pathology and that this progression is based on the transneuronal and retrograde axonal transport of alpha-synuclein. If confirmed in patients, this study would have crucial implications in the strategies used to prevent and treat PDThis work was supported by the Fritz-Thyssen Foundation, theGerman Parkinson’s disease Society and by Amelia Jimenez Gomez as private dono

α-Synuclein and ALPS motifs are membrane curvature sensors whose contrasting chemistry mediates selective vesicle binding

Two membrane curvature–sensing molecules with opposite chemistries are targeted to distinct vesicle classes through direct interaction with different lipid environments

Une nouvelle technique d'isolement de la region apicale des tissus epitheliaux: Application a l'etude de la reponse antidiuretique de la vessie de grenouille

SIGLEINIST T 77470 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Les aquaporines dans l'épiderme humain. (expression, localisation et modifications au cours de la différenciation.)

Les aquaporines (AQPs) sont des petites protéines formant des canaux hydriques àtravers les membranes cellulaires. Les AQPs 0, 1, 2 ,4 ,5 ,6 et 8 assurent le transport sélectif de l eautandis que les AQPs 3, 7, 9 et 10 permettent également le passage du glycérol. Nous avons étudié leurexpression dans l épiderme, la couche supérieure de notre peau supposée imperméable. Dans lesmélanocytes, des cellules dendritiques responsables de la pigmentation, seule l AQP1 est exprimée.Nous avons montré que les kératinocytes, les cellules majoritaires de l épiderme, expriment enprolifération les AQPs 3 et 10, alors que les kératinocytes différenciés expriment les AQPs 3 et 9. Lalocalisation de l'AQP3 a été précédemment rapportée à la membrane plasmique des kératinocytes, de lacouche basales à la couche épineuse. Nous avons localisé l'AQP9 dans les kératinocytes différenciés dela couche granuleuse au contenu riche en glycérol et réduit en eau. De fait nous pensons que l'AQP9 ysert de transporteur de glycérol. Enfin contrairement à d'autres auteurs, nous n avons pu mettre enévidence de lien entre prolifération tumorale et expression des aquaporines.Aquaporins (AQPS) are a family of small proteins forming water channels across cell membranes.AQPs 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8 are strictly water channel whereas AQPs 3, 7, 9 and 10 allow transport ofwater and glycerol. We have studied their expression in the epidermis, the outer-most water-impermeablelayer of the skin. In melanocytes, dendritic cells responsible for pigmentation, only AQP1 is expressed, invitro and ex vivo. We have shown that keratinocytes, principal cells of the epidermis, express AQPs 3 and10 in proliferation, whereas differentiated keratinocytes express AQPs 3 and 9. The localisation of AQP3to plasma membrane of keratinocytes was previously reported from the basal layer to the spinous layer ofthe skin. We localised AQP9 in the fully differentiated keratinocytes of the granular layer, where there is ahigh glycerol and low water content. So we think that AQP9 likely functions as a glycerol transporter.Unlike other authors, we were unable to identify a link between tumorous proliferation and the expressionof aquaporins.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Aquaporin-1 in the peritoneal membrane: implications for peritoneal dialysis and endothelial cell function.

PD (peritoneal dialysis) is an established mode of renal replacement therapy, based on the exchange of fluid and solutes between blood in peritoneal capillaries and a dialysate that has been introduced into the peritoneal cavity. The dialysis process involves diffusive and convective transports and osmosis through the PM (peritoneal membrane). Computer simulations predicted that the PM contains ultrasmall pores (radius <3 A, 1 A=10(-10) m), responsible for up to 50% of UF (ultrafiltration), i.e. the osmotically driven water movement during PD. Several lines of evidence suggest that AQP1 (aquaporin-1) is the ultrasmall pore responsible for transcellular water permeability during PD. Treatment with corticosteroids induces the expression of AQP1 in the PM and improves water permeability and UF in rats without affecting the osmotic gradient and permeability for small solutes. Studies in knockout mice provided further evidence that osmotically driven water transport across the PM is mediated by AQP1. AQP1 and eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) show a distinct regulation within the endothelium lining the peritoneal capillaries. In acute peritonitis, the up-regulation of eNOS and increased release of nitric oxide dissipate the osmotic gradient and prevent UF, whereas AQP1 expression is unchanged. These results illustrate the usefulness of the PM to investigate the role and regulation of AQP1 in the endothelium. The results also emphasize the critical role of AQP1 during PD and suggest that manipulation of AQP1 expression may be used to increase water permeability across the PM

Lipids and Their Trafficking: An Integral Part of Cellular Organization.

International audienceAn evolutionarily conserved feature of cellular organelles is the distinct phospholipid composition of their bounding membranes, which is essential to their identity and function. Within eukaryotic cells, two major lipid territories can be discerned, one centered on the endoplasmic reticulum and characterized by membranes with lipid packing defects, the other comprising plasma-membrane-derived organelles and characterized by membrane charge. We discuss how this cellular lipid organization is maintained, how lipid flux is regulated, and how perturbations in cellular lipid homeostasis can lead to disease

Virus-like vesicles and extracellular DNA produced by hyperthermophilic archaea of the order Thermococcales.

International audienceCultures of hyperthermophilic archaea (order Thermococcales) have been analyzed by electron microscopy and epifluorescence staining for the presence of virus-like particles. We found that most strains of Thermococcus and Pyrococcus produce various types of spherical membrane vesicles and unusual filamentous structures. Cellular DNA can be strongly associated with vesicles and appears as fluorescent dots by epifluorescence microscopy, suggesting that some particles assumed to be viruses in ecological studies might instead be vesicles associated with extracellular DNA. DNA in vesicle preparations is remarkably resistant to DNase treatment and thermodenaturation, indicating that association with vesicles could be an important factor determining DNA stability in natural environments